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Abstract Here, we summarize examples of significant advances in amphibian research supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP), focusing on recent discoveries in the fields of community ecology, habitat change, infection diseases, and multipurpose DNA sequencing. We demonstrated that FAPESP has been fundamental not only by directly funding research projects and scholarships, but also through its science training policy, fostering international collaborations with world-class research institutions, improving and consolidating new lines of research that often depended on a synergetic combination of different knowledge and complex tools. We emphasized that future studies will continue to focus on basic questions, such as description of new species, as well as taxonomic and systematic corrections. Furthermore, we also expect that there will be a strong integration among different disciplines using novel bioinformatics tools and modeling approaches, such as machine learning. These new approaches will be critical to further develop our understanding of foundational questions of amphibian life-history trait variation, disease transmission, community assembly, biogeography, and population forecasts under different global change scenarios such as agricultural expansion, agrochemical use, habitat loss, and climate change.
Resumo No presente estudo apresentamos exemplos de avanços significativos nas pesquisas com anfíbios financiadas pela Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP), focando em descobertas recentes nos campos de ecologia de comunidades, modificação do habitat, doenças infecciosas e o sequenciamento de DNA com múltiplos propósitos. Demonstramos que a FAPESP tem sido fundamental não somente pelo financiamento direto de projetos de pesquisa e bolsas de estudo, mas também através de sua política de formação científica, fomentando colaborações internacionais com instituições de pesquisa de excelência mundial, melhorando e consolidando novas linhas de pesquisa que frequentemente dependem da combinação sinérgica entre diferentes linhas de conhecimento e ferramentas complexas. Enfatizamos que futuros estudos continuem com foco em questões básicas, como a descrição de novas espécies, bem como correções taxonômicas e sistemáticas. Além disso, esperamos uma forte integração entre diferentes disciplinas usando novas ferramentas de bioinformática e abordagens de modelagem, como o aprendizado de máquina. Essas novas abordagens serão críticas para desenvolver ainda mais nossa compreensão a respeito de questões fundamentais sobre as características da história de vida dos anfíbios, transmissão de doenças, estrutura de comunidades, biogeografia e previsões populacionais em diferentes cenários de mudanças globais, como a expansão da agricultura, uso de agrotóxicos, perda de habitat e mudanças climáticas.
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ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To identify the sponsorship by food and beverage companies of the teams participating in the 2019 Copa América Soccer Cup and associate this sponsorship with characteristics of the teams and their respective countries. METHODS The sponsors of the 10 teams participating in the 46th edition of the Copa América were identified. These entities were classified into (i) food companies, (ii) alcoholic beverage companies, and (iii) other segments. The food companies were classified according to their products, according to the NOVA classification. In addition, data on the number of titles previously won by the teams in the Copa America and the World Cup were obtained, as well as data on the countries' Human Development Index, annual per capita sales of ultra-processed foods, and annual per capita consumption of alcoholic beverages. RESULTS A total of 89 sponsorships were identified for the 10 teams studied, some of these supporting two or more teams. Eighteen percent of the sponsors were food companies, with 12.4% being ultra-processed foods. The alcoholic beverage category represented 7.9% of the sponsors. Ultra-processed beverage and alcoholic beverage companies sponsored seven of the 10 teams studied. We noted higher participation of ultra-processed foods company sponsors in teams from countries with higher Human Development Index, sales of ultra-processed foods, and number of Copa América and World Cup titles. The sponsorship by alcoholic beverage companies was higher for teams from countries with lower Human Development Index, alcohol consumption, and number of Copa América and World Cup titles. CONCLUSION A significant presence of ultra-processed food and alcoholic beverage companies as sponsors of South American soccer teams was noted, along with the fact that sport performance characteristics of the teams and socioeconomic and market issues of the countries are associated with the occurrence of sponsorship.
RESUMO OBJETIVO Identificar o patrocínio por empresas do setor de alimentos e bebidas das seleções participantes da Copa América de Futebol 2019 e associar esse patrocínio a características das seleções e de seus respectivos países. MÉTODOS Foram identificados os patrocinadores das 10 seleções participantes da 46ª edição da Copa América de Futebol. Essas entidades foram classificadas em empresas i) de alimentos, ii) de bebidas alcoólicas e iii) de outros segmentos. As empresas de alimentos foram classificadas de acordo com seus produtos, segundo a classificação NOVA. Além disso, dados sobre o número de títulos anteriormente conquistados pelas seleções na Copa América e na Copa do Mundo foram obtidos, assim como dados do índice de desenvolvimento humano, de venda anual per capita de alimentos ultraprocessados e de consumo anual per capita de bebidas alcoólicas dos países. RESULTADOS Um total de 89 patrocínios foram identificados para as 10 seleções estudadas, alguns desses apoiando duas ou mais equipes. Dezoito por cento dos patrocinadores eram empresas de alimentos, sendo 12,4% de alimentos ultraprocessados. A categoria de bebidas alcoólicas representou 7,9% dos patrocinadores. As empresas de bebidas ultraprocessadas e as de bebidas alcoólicas patrocinaram sete das 10 seleções estudadas. Notou-se maior participação de patrocinadores de empresas de alimentos ultraprocessados em seleções de países com maior índice de desenvolvimento humano, venda de alimentos ultraprocessados e número de títulos de Copa América e Copa do Mundo. Já o patrocínio por empresas de bebidas alcoólicas foi maior em seleções de países com menor índice de desenvolvimento humano, consumo de álcool e número de títulos em Copa América e Copa do Mundo. CONCLUSÃO Evidenciou-se uma presença significativa de empresas de alimentos ultraprocessados e de bebidas alcoólicas como patrocinadores das seleções sul-americanas de futebol e que as características de desempenho esportivo das seleções e questões socioeconômicas e de mercado dos países se associam à ocorrência do patrocínio.
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Humans , Soccer , Sports , Beverages , Brazil , Fast FoodsABSTRACT
Resumen Introducción: La relación médico-industria farmacéutica (IF) se ha identificado como un problema ético por favorecer conflictos de interés derivados de los beneficios que reciben los médicos y que pueden afectar su juicio clínico. Objetivo: Identificar la frecuencia de participación de médicos en actividades financiadas por la IF, las actitudes de estos profesionales hacia los representantes de la IF, su conducta prescriptiva y la asociación de sus características y del trabajo con la participación en actividades financiadas por la IF. Método: Encuesta transversal a médicos internistas y cardiólogos. El cuestionario incluyó características de los médicos y centro de trabajo, participación en actividades financiadas por la IF, actitudes hacia los representantes y conducta de prescripción. Resultados: Se analizaron 455 cuestionarios, 78.5 % de los encuestados tuvo conocimiento de la relación médico-IF, la mayoría respondió reunirse con representantes de la IF, 30 % indicó haber recibido subsidios financieros y 10 % consideró que los obsequios afectan su prescripción. Tener conocimiento previo de la relación médico-IF se asoció con menor participación en actividades educativas financiadas por por la IF. Conclusión: Las prácticas y preferencias hacia la IF muestran la necesidad de diseñar estrategias para evitar la prescripción inapropiada.
Abstract Introduction: The physician-pharmaceutical industry relationship has been identified as an ethical problem, due to conflicts of interest motivated by the benefits that doctors receive and that can affect their clinical judgment. Objective: To identify the frequency of physicians participation in activities financed by the pharmaceutical industry (PI), their attitudes towards PI representatives (PIRs), their prescriptive behavior and the association between their characteristics and their workplace with their participation in activities financed by the PI. Method: Cross-sectional survey to internists and cardiologists. The questionnaire included characteristics of the doctors and their workplace, participation in activities financed by the PI, attitudes towards PIRs, and prescription behavior. Results: 455 questionnaires were analyzed; 78.5 % of surveyed subjects were aware of the physician-PI relationship, the majority acknowledged meeting with PIRs, 30 % indicated having received financial subsidies and 10 % considered that gifts affect their prescription. Having prior knowledge of the physician-PI relationship was associated with less participation in PI-financed educational activities. Conclusion: Practices and preferences towards the PI show the need to design strategies to avoid inappropriate prescription.
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Humans , Male , Female , Physicians/ethics , Drug Prescriptions , Practice Patterns, Physicians' , Attitude of Health Personnel , Conflict of Interest , Drug Industry/ethics , Cross-Sectional Studies , Workplace , Health Care Surveys/statistics & numerical data , Gift Giving/ethics , Inappropriate Prescribing/prevention & control , Cardiologists/ethics , Habits , Internal Medicine/ethicsABSTRACT
Abstract In this commentary, the authors highlight the importance of basic research in the field of public health regarding the recent pandemic Covid-19, using tick-borne rickettsioses as an example. In addition, they alert politicians, government officials and managers of research funding agencies to increase the allocated financial resources to enhance basic research on public health in Brazil.
Resumo Neste comentário, os autores destacam a importância da pesquisa básica em saúde pública em relação à recente pandemia Covid-19, usando-se as riquetsioses transmitidas por carrapatos como exemplo. Além disso, alertam políticos, funcionários do governo e gerentes de agências de fomento à pesquisa para aumentar os recursos financeiros alocados a fim de aprimorar a pesquisa básica em saúde pública no País.
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Animals , Pneumonia, Viral , Rickettsia Infections/epidemiology , Ticks/microbiology , Zoonoses/microbiology , Coronavirus Infections , Pandemics , Brazil , Betacoronavirus , SARS-CoV-2 , COVID-19ABSTRACT
Background: Recent data suggest an increase in tuberculosis (TB) incidence in Chile. Aim: To evaluate recent epidemiological trends, geographic extension and potential factors associated with TB reemergence in Chile. Material and Methods: Data analysis from official sources and trend analysis. Results: TB incidence rate increased from 12.3 (2014) to 14.7 (2017) per 100,000 inhabitants. Morbidity rates also increased in nine out of 15 regions. The proportion of TB cases in specific groups has also increased in the last six years: HIV/AIDS (68%), immigrants (118%), drug users/alcoholics (267%) and homeless people (370%). Several indicators of the national TB program performance have deteriorated including TB case detection, HIV co-infection study and contact tracing activities. Overall results indicate a higher than expected case-fatality ratio (> 3%), high rates of loss from follow-up (> 5%), and low percentage of cohort healing rate (< 90%). This decline is associated with a Control Program with scarce human resources whose central budget decreased by 90% from 2008 to 2014. New molecular diagnostic tools and liquid media culture were only recently implemented. Conclusions: TB trends and overall program performance indicators have deteriorated in recent years in Chile and several factors appear to be involved. Multiple strategies will be required to rectify this situation.
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Humans , Tuberculosis/epidemiology , Socioeconomic Factors , Time Factors , Tuberculosis/economics , Tuberculosis/etiology , Ill-Housed Persons/statistics & numerical data , HIV Infections/epidemiology , Chile/epidemiology , Incidence , Risk Factors , Health Expenditures/trends , Statistics, Nonparametric , Substance-Related Disorders/epidemiology , Emigrants and Immigrants/statistics & numerical data , GeographyABSTRACT
Objective: To describe and reflect the possible relationships established by the elderly between happiness and money. Method: It is a qualitative, exploratory and descriptive research, carried out from a semi-structured interview with 19 elderly people, in their households, of both sexes in 2017 and 2018, in two states of the South region of Brazil, through content analysis. Results: What emerged in the voice of older people unfolded into two categories: Money as a way of life and Money does not bring happiness. Participants indicated relationships between happiness and money because money is one of the conditions to meet the basic needs of daily life, but it appeared as a propedeutic resource for happiness. They also reported that the obsessive pursuit of money can generate fascination, anxiety and depression. Conclusion: The participants indicated that money is a means to live well and be happy and was not considered the highest goal of their lives. He is not a promoter of happiness, but can contribute to the pursuit of peace, tranquility and inner satisfaction.
Objetivo: Descrever e refletir as possíveis relações estabelecidas por idosos entre felicidade e dinheiro. Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, exploratória e descritiva, realizada a partir de entrevista semiestruturada com 19 pessoas idosas, em seus domicílios, de ambos os sexos, no período de 2017 a 2018, em dois estados da região Sul do Brasil, por meio de análise de conteúdo. Resultados: O que emergiu na voz das pessoas idosas desdobrou-se em duas categorias: O dinheiro como um meio de vida, e O dinheiro não traz felicidade. Os participantes indicaram relações entre felicidade e dinheiro, porque o dinheiro é uma das condições para satisfazer as necessidades básicas da vida cotidiana, mas apareceu como recurso propedêutico à felicidade. Também informaram que a busca obsessiva pelo dinheiro pode gerar fascínio, ansiedade e depressão. Conclusão: Os participantes indicaram que o dinheiro é um meio para viver bem e ser feliz e não foi considerado o objetivo maior de suas vidas. Ele não é promotor de felicidade, mas pode contribuir pela busca da paz, da tranquilidade e a satisfação interior.
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Humans , Male , Female , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Financial Support , Health of the Elderly , HappinessABSTRACT
To summarize the projects granted by National Natural Science Foundation of China related to tumor biomarkers in laboratory medicine from 2010 to 2018. The projects are categorized and analyzed according to tumor classification, biochemical properties of biomarkers. What′s more, characters of granted projects of tumor biomarkers in recent 9 years are summarized and development trends are pointed out.
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We provide an overview of the detailed information on the application and fundings of the National Natural Science Foundation of China in reproductive system/perinatology/neonatology in 2018 to facilitate future applications for researchers and physicians in this area in 2019.In-depth analysis was performed from different aspects among all the applications;areas for improving in the format and compiling of the application form were pointed out together with practical suggestions;possible interesting topics in future application were also implicated.
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To summarize the projects granted by National Natural Science Foundation of China related to tumor biomarkers in laboratory medicine from 2010 to 2018. The projects are categorized and analyzed according to tumor classification, biochemical properties of biomarkers. What's more, characters of granted projects of tumor biomarkers in recent 9 years are summarized and development trends are pointed out.
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PURPOSE: As the recent term of “financial toxicity” implies, cancer causes a treatment-related financial harm. Financial Aid Program for Cancer Patient (FAPCP) is a government’s financial support for low-income patients in the Republic of Korea. This study aimed to describe FAPCP applicants’ condition and to investigate factors influencing financial burden, which would provide the basis for implementing a strategy for FAPCP administration. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The telephone survey results from 2,700 FAPCP participants were analyzed, including demographic, socioeconomic, and disease characteristics and experiences associated with financial burden and the actions or measures to cope with them. RESULTS: Overall, 87.6% experienced financial burden more than moderate degree, 39.2% got financial help/a loan, 17.8% disposed of their property, and 10.2% changed or stopped treatment owing to medical costs. Monthly household income was connected to financial burden, and the highest income group was associated with the lowest financial burden (odds ratio [OR], 0.21; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.11 to 0.38) and the lowest rate of changing/stopping care (OR, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.05 to 1.00). Parents of childhood cancer patients got financial help/a loan (OR, 2.24; 95% CI, 1.03 to 4.88) and disposed of their property (OR, 3.18; 95% CI, 1.40 to 7.22) more frequently, and Medical Aids applicants showed the highest rate of changing/stopping care (OR, 3.01; 95% CI, 1.89 to 4.78). CONCLUSION: FAPCP targets low income groups; however, financial burden and the consequent actions taken still exist disproportionately, depending on the income of the applicants. FAPCP should focus on more vulnerable groups including Medical Aid applicants and parents of childhood cancer patients, by increasing funds and expanding their support coverage.
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Humans , Family Characteristics , Financial Management , Financial Support , Health Care Costs , Parents , Public Assistance , Republic of Korea , TelephoneABSTRACT
ABSTRACT Brazilian Paralympic sport is growing rapidly due to its results and to more people with disabilities desiring to join it. The purpose of this study is to describe the importance of financial support for Brazilian Paralympic athletes' careers. It is characterized as a descriptive study with a qualitative approach. Information was collected through a semi-structured interview. Twenty Paralympians, from both Athletics and Swimming modalities, participated of this research, all of them contemplated by Ministry of Sports grant programs - Bolsa Atleta and Bolsa Atleta Pódio. Results show financial support being indicated as fundamental by all interviewed participants (n = 20, 100%). Many are the funding actions, especially from Brazilian Paralympic Committee and Brazilian Ministry of Sports, which provide better conditions for athlete development and can also guarantee the advent of new generations of Paralympic competitors in Brazil.
RESUMO O esporte paralímpico brasileiro cresce aceleradamente em razão de seus resultados e mais pessoas com deficiência buscam ingressar no esporte. O objetivo do estudo é descrever a importância do suporte financeiro para a carreira esportiva dos atletas paralímpicos brasileiros. Caracteriza-se como descritivo e abordagem qualitativa. A coleta de informações foi realizada através de entrevista semiestruturada. Participaram 20 atletas paralímpicos das modalidades Atletismo e Natação, contemplados pela Bolsa-Pódio do Programa Bolsa-Atleta do Ministério do Esporte - Brasil. Os resultados demonstram que o Suporte Financeiro é apontado como fundamental por todos os atletas investigados (n=20; 100%). Muitas são as ações de suporte financeiro que têm favorecido os atletas brasileiros, partindo principalmente do Comitê Paralímpico Brasileiro e Ministério do Esporte, essas ações proporcionam melhores condições para o desenvolvimento dos atletas e também podem garantir o surgimento de novas gerações de atletas paralímpicos no país.
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Humans , Financial Support , Disabled Persons , Athletes , Swimming , Track and FieldABSTRACT
Objective To summarize the funding of scientific research projects on obstetrics and gynecology by National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) from 2007 to 2016 and to display the hotspots of scientific research on obstetrics and gynecology. Methods A systemic search was performed for the information of projects supported by NSFC from 2007 to 2016. The indicators for analysis included the number of projects, total investment, project categories, research units and research field. The research direction of each project was decided based on title, summary and key words provided by the profile of each project. Results The total investment on obstetrics and gynecology by NSFC was 23.214 million with a total of 82 projects in 2007. It increased year by year and reached the peak in 2014 (359 projects 208.990 million). The investment and number of projects remained stable after 2014. General projects (1109 projects 608.000 million) formed the majority of projects. Youth science fund projects (1035 projects 214.976 million) increased steadily and the number was nearly equal to general projects. There were only a small amount of key projects (20 projects 54.720 million) and major projects (7 projects 38.400 million). The investment varied in different research units. The greatest 10 units (less than 6% of total), including 7 comprehensive universities, 2 medical universities and 1 institute of medicine, got 1113 projects invested (43.84% of total,1113/2539). The hot areas like gynecological tumor (920 projects 350.615 million),hypertensive disorders complicating pregnancy (91 projects 37.470 million) and polycystic ovarian syndrome (77 projects 29.540 million) were more likely to receive investment, while some interdisciplinary science like maternal and child health (28 projects 12.050 million), imaging and biomedicine (37 projects 14.770 million) began to achieve attention in recent years. Conclusions The number of researches invested will be increased for the scientific research in obstetrics and gynecology especially the areas of research focus, although the amount allocated for each will be decreased relatively. Besides, multidisciplinary work will be performed so as to develop obstetrics and gynecology of China to a high level.
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Since 2016, the pediatric emergency centers (PECs) have been selected by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, but there are still many problems in their designation and operation. The authors, affiliated with the policy research team in the Korean Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, sought to identify the current status and plans for improvement of PECs in Korea. The problems in the designation and operation are the disproportionate regional distribution of the PECs, financial difficulties in meeting the designation criteria, and recruitment of dedicated pediatric emergency specialists. To improve this, it is necessary to designate additional PECs and analyze the appropriateness of insurance cost, to strengthen the role other than the community practice, and to reinforce back-up treatment by pediatric sub-specialists in PECs.
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Community Health Services , Emergencies , Emergency Medicine , Financial Support , Geography, Medical , Insurance , Korea , Local Government , Personnel Selection , SpecializationABSTRACT
Since 2016, the pediatric emergency centers (PECs) have been selected by the Korean Ministry of Health and Welfare, but there are still many problems in their designation and operation. The authors, affiliated with the policy research team in the Korean Society of Pediatric Emergency Medicine, sought to identify the current status and plans for improvement of PECs in Korea. The problems in the designation and operation are the disproportionate regional distribution of the PECs, financial difficulties in meeting the designation criteria, and recruitment of dedicated pediatric emergency specialists. To improve this, it is necessary to designate additional PECs and analyze the appropriateness of insurance cost, to strengthen the role other than the community practice, and to reinforce back-up treatment by pediatric sub-specialists in PECs.
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Community Health Services , Emergencies , Emergency Medicine , Financial Support , Geography, Medical , Insurance , Korea , Local Government , Personnel Selection , SpecializationABSTRACT
Resumo A proximidade com os Jogos Paralímpicos do Rio 2016 abre a discussão sobre a possibilidade de fazer do esporte paraolímpico uma carreira. O ensaio busca apresentar as características e os desafios presentes na carreira esportiva do atleta paraolímpico brasileiro. O estudo foi estruturado em três eixos norteadores: os diferentes momentos do esporte paraolímpico, as características da carreira de seus atletas e as consequências do resultado esportivo para a carreira destes. Atualmente o esporte paraolímpico tem seu foco no alto rendimento e a necessidade de manutenção de resultados expressivos é uma realidade. As características e os desafios da carreira esportiva revelam o cenário atual do esporte paraolímpico brasileiro em todas as suas fases (pré-transição, transição e pós-transição). Ao trazer reflexões sobre a carreira do atleta paraolímpico brasileiro abre-se o debate para perspectivas de futuro e, ainda, sobre o entendimento dos desafios existentes para sua consolidação. Problemas estruturais como locais para treinamento, pouca sensibilização da iniciativa privada e a não renovação de recursos humanos, parecem ser os principais entraves para a consolidação da carreira do atleta paraolímpico no Brasil.
Abstract The proximity of the Paralympic Games Rio 2016 opens the discussion about the possibility of building a career in Paralympic sport. This study aims to present the characteristics and challenges present in the sporting career of the Brazilian Paralympic athlete. The study was structured under three main guiding topics: the different moments of Paralympic Sport, the career characteristics of paralympians and the consequences of sports results for their careers. Currently, Paralympic sports has its focus on high performance, as the constant necessity for good results is an ever present reality. The characteristics and challenges of sporting careers reveal the current situation for Brazilian Paralympic sports in all of its stages (pre-transition, transition and post-transition). Upon reflecting on the career of the Brazilian paralympic athlete a debate opens up concerning future perspectives and particularly on an understanding of the existing challenges for consolidation. Structural problems such as venues for training, lack of awareness on the part of the private sector and the non-renewal of human resources, seem to be the main obstacles for the consolidation of paralympic careers in Brazil.
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Humans , Sports for Persons with Disabilities , Brazil , Career Choice , Athletic PerformanceABSTRACT
Ante los diferentes sistemas de salud propuestos en cada país surge la necesidad de analizar la participación de cada uno de los elementos que lo componen. Este análisis se realiza con el fin de identificar y analizar los actores que intervienen en los sistemas de salud, especialmente, el uso de incentivos y la relación intersectorial que entre estos existe. Para ello, se llevó a cabo un estudio cualitativo descriptivo, mediante una revisión bibliográfica de los sistemas implementados en Costa Rica, Estados Unidos, Canadá, Chile y Ecuador. Se tuvieron en cuenta dos factores: el sistema de salud, definido por la Organización Mundial de la Salud como la suma de todas las organizaciones, instituciones y recursos empleados, cuyo objetivo consiste en mejorar la salud. El segundo, los incentivos, que brindan una motivación a los trabajadores, mejorando sus expectativas frente al trabajo y la manera de ejecutarlo, favoreciendo el cumplimiento de metas establecidas por las empresas. Como resultado, se encontró que en los sistemas de salud expuestos, si bien existen similitudes en relación con su desarrollo e implementación, también hay profundas diferencias, en especial, en la participación de actores públicos y privados. Conclusión: los incentivos existentes en los sistemas de salud estudiados no tienen un enfoque estratégico que articule a los actores en pro de la salud y el bienestar de la población.
Before the different systems of health proposed in every country there arises the need to analyze the participation of each one of the elements that compose it. This analysis is realized in order identify and to analyze the actors who intervene in the systems of health, especially, the use of incentives and the intersectorial relation that between these exists. For it, there was carried out a qualitative descriptive study, by means of a bibliographical review of the systems implemented in Costa Rica, The United States, Canada, Chile and Ecuador. Two factors were born in mind: the system of health, defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) like the sum of all the organizations, institutions and used resources, which aim consists of improving the health. The second one, the incentives, that offer a motivation to the workers, improving his expectations opposite to the work and the way of executing it, favoring the fulfillment of goals established by the companies. As result, one found that, in the systems of health exposed, though similarities exist in relation with his development and implementation, also there are deep differences, especially, in the participation of public and private actors. Conclusion, incentives in health care systems do not have strategic perspective so that there are many problems to obtain wellbeing for all citizens.
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Financial Support , Health Systems , Motivation , Health Care CostsABSTRACT
With the aging of population and progressive decline of traditional pension model,the problems in the aged supporting have caused serious social concern in China.Since 1980's,different opinions about pension models have been suggested in many research papers.This paper summarizes the characteristics of different pension model used in both China and abroad in terms of the financial sources of the aged supporting,life style and the combination with medical service,suggesting to establish a pension model with Chinese characteristics to provide multiple and personalized services on the basis of China's national situation and successful experiences of other countries.
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With the aging of population and progressive decline of traditional pension model,the problems in the aged supporting have caused serious social concern in China.Since 1980's,different opinions about pension models have been suggested in many research papers.This paper summarizes the characteristics of different pension model used in both China and abroad in terms of the financial sources of the aged supporting,life style and the combination with medical service,suggesting to establish a pension model with Chinese characteristics to provide multiple and personalized services on the basis of China's national situation and successful experiences of other countries.
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Participating in the international conferences helps to get the latest progress in cer-tain areas. It provides important channels of communication and platform for cooperation. The article summarized the categories of international conferences, access to it, way to apply for it, how to apply for financial support, visa and passport, as wellas preparations before. The author's experience attend-ing the seventh Asia-Pacific conference neurochemistry(APSN) held in Singapore, may offer some help for reference.
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As the period since the partition of North and South Korea has been prolonged, the gap between the two Koreas continues to widen in various ways. Indeed, in the health sector, differences that already existed have diverged even more after North Korea's economic crisis. This article will focus on the problematic situation of North Korean health care status and the trends in health aid to North Korea toward future improvement. Since 1990, after the dismantling of the socialist state system and a series of natural disasters, North Korea has accepted partial transformation to free market principles. Along with these changes and due to decreased rations, health workers also began seeking a secondary income to meet their daily needs, and a secondary economy in the pharmaceutical industry became one of their main financial resources. This has led to inequity in health service accessibility and has resulted in changes in North Korean patients' health behaviors. Meanwhile, external aid for health has steadily increased, resulting in dependency on external support. Infectious disease and maternal, neonatal, and child health-related aid support has comprised the largest portion in health aid; however, the changing composition of the disease burden is requiring different allocation and partnerships aligned according to health aid needs. North Korea requires health-related policy reforms that can respond actively to the lack of health resources, the deteriorated health infrastructure, and the instability of the health and social safety net. The South Korean government, as the central coordinator of such aid, should play this role with a specific strategy to support and respond to the changing needs of the North Korean people.